Obfuscation of Truth - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2498 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/04/01 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Truth Essay Did you like this example? The Southern United States has time and time again proven to be an endlessly intricate bubble of cultural identity and history. This region, most often remembered by its bloody, rebellious, and oppressive past has had to grapple with many changes to their institutions as the rest of the United States progressed without them. The most significant of these changes was the demolition of the institution of slavery following the loss of the Civil War. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Obfuscation of Truth" essay for you Create order In spite of this, the remnants of the status quo have managed to persist with the help of the propagation of the myth of the Lost Cause. Despite the Civil War taking place more than 150 years ago, attitudes and ideas from antebellum times have managed to worm their way into the collective memory and culture of the South. The culture of the Southern United States is aptly described by Tim Jacobson: More than any other part of America, the South stands apart. Thousands of Northerners and foreigners have migrated to it but Southerners they will not become. For this is still a place where you must have either been born or have people there, to feel it is your native ground. Natives will tell you this. They are proud to be Americans, but they are also proud to be Virginians, North Carolinians, South Carolinians, Tennesseeans, Mississippians and Texans. But they are conscious of another loyalty too, one that transcends the usual ties of national patriotism and state pride. It is a loyalty to a place where habits are strong and memories are long. If those memories could speak, they would tell stories of a region powerfully shaped by its history and determined to pass it on to future generations. This attitude holds true in a vast portion of the United States, spanning from Virginia to Mississippi to Texas. Yet, in spite of the South making up such a significant portion of the contiguous United States, outsiders will more than likely have trouble understanding the pervasive culture of the South. The perception of this culture is fraught with stereotypes. These stereotypes range from the more innocent, such as the importance of hospitality, to the inflammatory, for instance, the likeli hood of inbreeding. As with most stereotypes, they hold mostly untrue. The culture of the South is one that is so complex that it would be impossible to gauge based off of a few inaccurate stereotypes. To truly understand the intricacies of modern Southern culture, studying the history of the region provides the most valuable insight. The majority of native Southerners are descended from four groups: Native Americans, West Africans, English colonists, and Scots-Irish settlers. With the exception of Native Americans, each of these groups settled the region in the 17th and 18th centuries. While the populations of the other groups flourished, Native Americans were plagued by Western disease and destruction. Animosity towards Native Americans grew so great that President Andrew Jackson (a Southerner by way of Tennessee) ordered the removal of Native Americans that is most popularly remembered by the term Trail of Tears. In spite of this decimation of the Native American population, the influence held by this group still persists to the present day (look at the name of the state of Mississippi). However, far greater influence is held by the groups of English and Scots-Irish settlers and West African slaves that came to dominate the demographics of the region. The influence of the English and Scots-Irish has predominantly persisted in the the areas of religion, agriculture, and the culture of honor in the South. Religion played a significant role in the lives of settlers of English and Scots-Irish backgrounds (their personal brand of Christianity being Anglican and Presbyterian, respectively). This influence can be seen in the rise and persistence of Southern tent revivals, which are reli gious gatherings with intense degrees of religiosity that often take place outdoors and last for long periods of time. These tent revivals are comparable to the religious meetings that would take place outdoors in the religious tradition of the Scots-Irish and coincided with the First Great Awakening. Such religious fervor was something that settlers carried with them when coming to restart their lives in the American colonies and has persisted in the American South to the present day. Also brought along was the agrarian lifestyle that a majority of English and Scot-Irish settlers were accustomed to. As author David Hackett Fischer notes, Both regions [Virginia and southern England] were marked by deep and pervasive inequalities, by a staple agriculture and rural settlement patterns, by powerful oligarchies of large landowners with Royalist politics and an Anglican faith. In addition to the agrarian lifestyle and religiosity wrought by these settlers, cultural attitudes were brought across the pond and have melded into the previously mentioned Southern culture of honor. The culture of honor is aptly described yet again by David Hackett Fischer: From an early age, small boys were taught to think much of their honor, and to be active in its defense. Honor in this society meant a pride of manhood in masculine courage, physical strength and warrior virtue. Male children were trained to defend their honor without a moments hesitation lashing out instantly against their challengers with savage violence. This method of child rearing was used mainly for boys. The daughters of the backcountry were raised in a different way. Mothers were expected to teach domestic virtues of industry, obedience, patience, sacrifice and devotion to others. Male children were taught to be self-asserting; female children were taught to be self-denying. It has been thought that this attitude was derived from the social constructs that existed in the cultures of the Scots-Irish and English settlers of the region. Violence was pervasive in the British Isles as there were constant clashes for control, often for the sake of pride and honor. This carried over, though perhaps with lesser degrees of violence, to cultivate the Southern culture of honor. As the slave trade spread to the new world, a diaspora of West Africans populated the Southern United States, and with them came their cultural additions. As the agrarian traditions brought forth by the English and Scots-Irish flourished in the fertile South, the need for slaves increased exponentially. By 1860, the enslaved made up a whopping 32.27% of the population of slave and border states. Culturally, people of African descent contributed to many aspects of food, religion, and art. However, the most significant (and inadvertent) contribution made to pre-Civil War society was their role in the social stratification of the South. Leading up to the Civil War, African American slaves were the lowest rung of the hierarchical ladder, followed by free African Americans, white people that didnt own slaves, and slaveholders. However, the status quo of Southern society was about to change drastically with the advent of the Civil War. A large misconception is that the Civil War was fought primarily over states rights. There is no simpler way to put the truth but this: the Civil War was fought predominantly to protect slavery as an institution. When this institution was inevitably deconstructed when the war was lost by the South, the blow to the pride of Southerners was unbearable to many. Along with the economic decimation caused by the loss of slave labor, the culture of honor that prevailed in the South required consolation and justification to nurse the still fresh wounds from the loss of the Civil War. In the words of David W. Blight, For most white Southerners, the Lost Cause evolved into a language of vindication and renewal, as well as an array of practices and public monuments through which they could solidify both their Southern pride and their Americanness. The Lost Cause myth is complicated and multifaceted in nature; at times, it is difficult to understand, as myths often are. The central claims of the myth are as follows: slavery was not the central issue, the issue of slavery was manufactured by abolitionists, slavery would have eventually ended without Northern intervention, slaves were content with their position in society, and that the South was culturally distinctive from the North. The Lost Cause myth can be seen as a last-ditch attempt to maintain some semblance of the institutional status quo that was lost with the loss of the Civil War. As noted by Anne E. Marshall: The conservative racial, social, political, and gender values inherent in Confederate symbols and the Lost Cause greatly appealed to many white Kentuckians, who despite their devotion to the Union had never entered the war in order to free slaves. In a postwar world where racial boundaries were in flux, the Lost Cause and the conservative politics that went with it seemed not only a comforting reminder of a past free of late nineteenth-century insecurities but also a way to reinforce contemporary efforts to maintain white supremacy. In spite of the bitter loss of the war, the propagation of the Lost Cause mythos has by many metrics been successful in implementation. Beginning in the late nineteenth century, organizations such as the United Daughters of the Confederacy, the United Confederate Veterans, and the Southern Historical Society played integral roles in the spread of the Lost Cause and the emergence of neo-Confederacy. The United Daughters of the Confederacy, an integral organization to the spread of the myth of the Lost Cause, made clear in their founding documents that their purpose was to collect and preserve the material for a truthful history of the war between the Confederate States and the United States of America; to honor the memory of those who served and those who fell in the service of the Confederate States. While at first glance it may seem like a purely innocent motive, the actions taken by the United Daughters of the Confederacy showed that their motives werent entirely transparent. An i nteresting dichotomy is shown by the writings of the United Daughters of the Confederacys historian-general Mildred Lewis Rutherford: What was the condition of the Africans when brought to this country? Savage to the last degree, climbing [coconut] trees to get food, without thought of clothes to cover their bodies, lind sometimes cannibals, and all bowing down to fetishes † sticks and stones† as acts of worship. This unfair and racist characterization of the African American slave is only the tip of the iceberg when it comes to the massive amounts of publications released by the United Daughters of the Confederacy and associated people. The propaganda played into the rising tensions between races as the United States approached the Civil Rights Era and contributed to feelings of white supremacy which were realized with the advent of the Ku Klux Klan (which was often met with the support of the United Daughters of the Confederacy. Though the Civil War and even the Civil Rights Era seem far removed from todays Southern society, the myth of the Lost Cause still persists in the modern culture of the South. A prime example lies in Oxford, Mississippi. The University of Mississippis history is steeped in racial struggles, from the University Greys regiment to the bloody admission of its first black student, James Meredith. The role that the Lost Cause plays in life on this universitys campus. J. Hardin Hobson described the prominence of such as follows: The pages of student publications including yearbooks, magazines and newspapers are littered with paeans to the Confederacy and to the Old South, which southern soldiers had sacrificed to protect. On the centerpiece of the campus lies a Confederate monument fitted with a contextualization plaque, which sits surrounded by Confederate flags at football tailgates, where fans cheer on their beloved Ole Miss Rebels. It stands sentient as a reminder of the pervasive Lost Cause ideology, in spite of faculty recommendations to remove it. In spite of the seemingly obvious faux pas committed by those who, knowingly or unknowingly, perpetuate the Lost Cause ideology, its difficult to recognize the egregious historical discrepancies when Lost Cause material is quite literally published in school textbooks. In a study conducted at East Tennessee State University, Lost Cause propaganda was found in Tennessee textbooks from the year 1889 up to the year 2002. When such information has been spread across the span of multiple generations, the inadvertent ignorance is so widespread that it is difficult to prevent its spread. Southern culture today is undoubtedly a culture that is vastly different than that of the antebellum South. In the 21st century, the South is more diverse than ever before, with people from every corner of the earth. In spite of this, the vestiges of the Old South remain, and to native Southerners, the influence it holds is still very significant. Much of this stems from longstanding racial prejudices that come from the social stratification of the South under slavery. The Confederate flag is a symbol to many Southerners of their culture of honor and on a deeper, perhaps even unconcious level, ingrained racism. The culture of the South has reached yet another crossroads. The perpetuation of Lost Cause ideology in this culture is at odds with the world at large. Symbols of Confederate support are analagous to outsiders with racism and alt-right propaganda, which in spite of what many Southerners would say, often holds true. The election of Donald Trump has inspired a revival; this time, the revival is of neo-Confederate ideals. White supremacy, which used to be thought of as a very fringe and minimal issue, has now taken the main stage. Racial tensions are at a level higher than what one would expect in a 21st-century society. From the decimation of an African American church by mass murderer Dylann Roof, to nooses being hung at the Mississippi State Capitol prior to a special election with an African American candidate (with a sign that read, Were hanging nooses to remind people that times havent changed.), racial violence and support for the past institutions of the South seem to have made a comeback. Lost Cause propaganda has taken on a polarizing role in modern-day Southern culture. To many, the revisionist history of the Civil War is all that they know, and the pride that comes with that has been deeply ingrained. Long-standing symbols of the supposed honor of the Confederate cause have numbed many residents of the South to the reality of the regions perilous history, egregious human rights violations, and bloodied ground. The culture of honor in the South, in spite of having to adapt to modern society, has aid ed in perpetuating the Lost Cause. Because of the pervasiveness of revisionist history, many cultural mainstays from times past, such as social stratification in the form of racism, have been able to quietly maintain their role in Southern society. For many, it is difficult to seperate themselves from this pride they were raised on, eliciting anger stemming from the culture of honor. However, it is essential for progress in the South for people to relearn their history, as without knowing their past, it may be impossible for the South to move forward and diversify.

Aristotle Was a Greek Philosopher and Polymath - 2568 Words

ARISTOTLE Aristotle was a Greek philosopher and polymath, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. His writings cover many subjects, including physics, metaphysics, poetry, theater, music, logic, rhetoric, linguistics, politics, government, ethics, biology, and zoology. Together with Plato and Socrates (Platos teacher), Aristotle is one of the most important founding figures in Western philosophy. Aristotles writings were the first to create a comprehensive system of Western philosophy, encompassing morality, aesthetics, logic, science, politics, and metaphysics. Aristotles views on the physical sciences profoundly shaped medieval scholarship, and their influence extended well into the Renaissance, although they were†¦show more content†¦In 322 BC Aristotle was forced to flee Athens with his family when the political leadership reacted against the Macedonians again and his previously published works supporting Macedonian rule left him a target. He passed on his Lyceum to Theophrastus and died later that year in Chalcis, near his hometown. It is during this period in Athens from 335 to 323 BC when Aristotle is believed to have composed many of his works. Aristotle wrote many dialogues, only fragments of which survived. The works that have survived are in treatise form and were not, for the most part, intended for widespread publication, as they are generally thought to be lecture aids for his students. His most important treatises include Physics, Metaphysics, Nicomachean Ethics, Politics, De Anima (On the Soul) and Poetics. Aristotle not only studied almost every subject possible at the time, but made significant contributions to most of them. In physical science, Aristotle studied anatomy, astronomy, embryology, geography, geology, meteorology, physics and zoology. In philosophy, he wrote on aesthetics, ethics, government, metaphysics, politics, economics, psychology, rhetoric and theology. 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The Importance Of Employee Motivation And Customer...

Employees play a pivotal role in the success of any business or non-business organization. They determine various organizational success factors including productivity, innovation, service and product quality, customer loyalty, and work efficiency. Indeed, in their research study, Ganesh and Mangalore (2016) established a strong link between employee motivation and customer retention. Therefore, any effort to improve the performance of an organization should begin with addressing human resource issues in the attempt to improve its motivation. Employee motivation has been a central area of focus in organizational behavior issues and studies. Scholars and professionals have been trying to understand factors that motivate workers. One of the key roles and responsibilities of a manager is to maintain a highly motivated workforce. 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Biodegradation of Hydrocarbons from Crude Oil by Pseudomonas Putida Free Essays

Biodegradation of Hydrocarbons from Crude Oil by Pseudomonas putida A Project done under the guidance of Dr. K. Bharathi Department of Biotechnology. We will write a custom essay sample on Biodegradation of Hydrocarbons from Crude Oil by Pseudomonas Putida or any similar topic only for you Order Now Submitted to the faculty Of Department of Biotechnology National Institute Of Technology, Warangal (A. P) Submitted By Febin P. Nalpady, Anzal Rahman, Shruti Sharma, Sindhuja Nandiraju, Giraboina Kranthi Kumar NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY WARANGAL (A. P) (DEEMED UNIVERSITY) 2010-2011 DEPARTMENT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, WARANGAL (A. P) CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the project entitled â€Å"†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. † carried out by †¦.. , bearing roll no. †¦. ,, final year B. Tech, Biotechnology, during academic year 2010-2011, is a bonafide work submitted to the National Institute of Technology, Warangal in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the requirements for the award of the Degree of Bachelor of Technology. Guide : Dr. K Bharathi Dept. of Biotechnology NIT Warangal ACKNOWLEDGEMENT With great pleasure and deep sense of gratitude, we take this opportunity to express our sense of indebtedness to Dr. K Bharathi, our project guide for accepting us under her good self to carry out this project work, and providing us his invaluable guidance and constant encouragement at each and every step throughout the progress of this project. To be sincere it was an inextinguishable treasure of pleasure for us to work under her excellent guidance. I would also like to thank the faculty of our department,Dr. P Sreenivasa Rao, Mr. Onkara Perumal and Mr. K. Narasimhulu. They were a pillar of strength for us and encouraged us to do our best. Name Roll no Table of Contents 1. Abstract 2. Introduction 2. 1 Bioremediation 2. 2 The conventional techniques of remediation 2. 3 Advantages of Bioremediation 2. 4 Microbes that are useful for bioremediation 3. Review of literature 3. 1 Microbial degradation 3. 2 Biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons 3. 3 Factors affecting Degradation 3. 4 Mechanism of Petroleum Hydrocarbon Degradation 4. Brief outline of the project work 5. Materials and Methods 5. 1 Preparation Of Nutrient Broth 5. 2 Preparation of Nutrient Agar Slants from the Bacterial Strain 5. Preparation of SubCultures of Bacterial Strain 5. 4 Centrifugation of Crude Oil 5. 5 Subculturing Of Petri Plates with oil 5. 6 Biodegradation Studies 5. 7 Gravimetric Analysis 6. Results 6. 1 Growth Analysis of Pseudomonas Putida 6. 2 Gravimetric Analysis 7. Discussion 8. References 1. ABSTRACT Oil spills have become a serious problem with the ever-increasing re source exploitation, transportation, storage, and accidental leakage of oil. Several techniques, including physical, chemical, and biological methods, are used to recover spilled oil from the environment. Bioremediation is a promising option for remediation since it is effective and economic in removing oil with less undue environmental damages. However, it is a relatively slow process and the degree of success depends on a number of factors. These factors include the existence of a microbial population capable of degrading the pollutants, the availability of contaminants to the microbial population and the environment factors are type of soil, temperature, pH, the presence of oxygen and nutrients. This project aims to study the degradation extent of the pseudomonas putida on oil. The microbial strain used is procured from NCL pune. 2. Introduction In quantitative terms, crude oil is one of the most important organic pollutants in marine environment and it has been estimated that worldwide somewhere between 1. 7- 8. 8? 106 tons of petroleum hydrocarbons impact marine waters and estuaries annually. Reports have been appearing since last three decades on the biodegradability of crude oil by bacteria which can use hydrocarbons as source of carbon and energy. A way to mitigate the effects of oil spills is bioremediation. 2. 1 Bioremediation It is a process by which chemical substances are degraded by bacteria and other microorganisms. The use of these microorganisms has been successfully applied for the treatment of waste and wastewater in controlled systems. Several research studies have recently been performed to investigate the use of bioremediation for oil-spill cleanup in seawater, freshwater and terrestrial areas. The technique has been found to have a potential for broad applications in terrestrial and freshwater environments for treating soils and sediments contaminated with oil and other substances, as well as for coastal environments impacted by oil spills. Water is a more sensitive medium than soil and requires different remediation techniques. Spills to surface water are easier to clean up than spills to groundwater, for obvious reasons. It is not only much harder to see the extent of the contamination, but also to remove the source of the contamination as, for example, a leaking underground storage tank. 2. 2. The conventional techniques of remediation . The conventional techniques used for remediation have been to dig up contaminated soil and remove it to a landfill, or to cap and contain the contaminated areas of a site. The methods have some drawbacks. The first method simply moves the contamination elsewhere and may create significant risks in the excavation, handling, and transport of hazardous material. Additionally, it is very difficult and increasingly expensive to find new landfill sites for the final disposal of the material. A better approach than these traditional methods is to completely destroy the pollutants if possible, or at least to transform them to innocuous substances. Some technologies that have been used are high-temperature incineration and various types of chemical decomposition (e. g. , base-catalyzed dechlorination, UV oxidation). They can be very effective at reducing levels of a range of contaminants, but have several drawbacks, principally their technological complexity, the cost for small-scale application, and the lack of public acceptance, especially for incineration that may increase the exposure to contaminants for both the workers at the site and nearby residents. . 3 Advantages of Bioremediation Bioremediation is an option that offers the possibility to destroy or render harmless various contaminants using natural biological activity. As such, it uses relatively low-cost, low-technology techniques and can often be carried out on site. It will not always be suitable, however, as the range of contaminants on which it is effective is limited, the timescales involved are relatively long, and the residual contaminant levels achievable ma y not always be appropriate. Although the methodologies employed are not technically complex, considerable experience and expertise may be required to design and implement a successful bioremediation program, due to the need to thoroughly assess a site for suitability and to optimize conditions to achieve a satisfactory result. Because bioremediation seems to be a good alternative to conventional clean-up technologies research in this field, especially in the United States, rapidly increasing. Bioremediation has been used at a number of sites worldwide, including Europe, with varying degrees of success. Techniques are improving as greater knowledge and experience are gained, and there is no doubt that bioremediation has great potential for dealing with certain types of site contamination. Unfortunately, the principles, techniques, advantages, and disadvantages of bioremediation are not widely known or understood, especially among those who will have to deal directly with bioremediation proposals, such as site owners and regulators. 2. 4 Microbes that are useful for bioremediation The biodegradation of petroleum in the marine environment is carried out largely by diverse bacterial populations, including various Pseudomonas species. The hydrocarbon-biodegrading populations are widely distributed in the world’s oceans; surveys of marine bacteria indicate that hydrocarbon-degrading microorganisms are ubiquitously distributed in the marine environment. Generally, in pristine environments, the hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria comprise 1% of the total bacterial population. These bacteria presumably utilize hydrocarbons that are naturally produced by plants, algae, and other living organisms. They also utilize other substrates, such as carbohydrates and proteins. When an nvironment is contaminated with petroleum, the proportion of hydrocarbon-degrading microorganisms increases rapidly. In particular, in marine environments contaminated with hydrocarbons, there is an increase in the proportion of bacterial populations with plasmids containing genes for hydrocarbon utilization. The proportion of hydrocarbon-degrading bacterial populations in hydrocarbon-contaminated marine environments often exceed 10% of the tota l bacterial population 3. Review of Literature 3. 1 Biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons Biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons is a complex process that depends on the nature and on the amount of the hydrocarbons present. Petroleum hydrocarbons can be divided into four classes: the saturates, the aromatics, the asphaltenes (phenols, fatty acids, ketones, esters, and porphyrins), and the resins (pyridines, quinolines, carbazoles, sulfoxides, and amides) [R. R. Colwell, J. D. Walker, and J. J. Cooney, â€Å"Ecological aspects of microbial degradation of petroleum in the marine environment,]. Di? erent factors in? uencing hydrocarbon degradation have been reported by Cooney et al. One of the important factors that limit biodegradation of oil pollutants in the environment is their limited availability to microorganisms. Petroleum hydrocarbon compounds bind to soil components, and they are difficult to be removed or degraded [S. Barathi and N. Vasudevan], â€Å"Utilization of petroleum hydrocarbons by Pseudomonas ? uorescens isolated from a petroleum-contaminated soil]. Hydrocarbons di? er in their susceptibility to microbial attack. The susceptibility of hydrocarbons to microbial degradation can be generally ranked as follows: linear alkanes branched alkanes small aromatics cyclic alkanes [J. J. Perry, â€Å"Microbial metabolism of cyclic alkanes,† in Petroleum Microbiology]. Some compounds, such as the high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), may not be degraded at all. 3. 2 Microbial degradation Microbial degradation is the major and ultimate natural mechanism by which one can cleanup the petroleum hydrocarbon pollutants from the environment [1-3] The recognition of biodegraded petroleum-derived aromatic hydrocarbons in marine sediments was reported by[ Jones et al]. They studied the extensive biodegradation o alkyl aromatics in marine sediments which occurred prior to detectable biodegradation of n-alkane pro? e of the crude oil and the microorganisms, namely, Arthrobacter, Burkholderia, Mycobacterium, Pseudomonas, Sphingomonas, and Rhodococcus were found to be involved for alkylaromatic degradation. Microbial degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons in a polluted tropical stream in Lagos, Nigeria was reported by Adebusoye et al. Nine bacterial s trains, namely, Pseudomonas ? uorescens, P. aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus sp. , Alcaligenes sp. , Acinetobacter lwo? ,Flavobacteriumsp. , Micrococcus roseus, and Corynebacterium sp. were isolated from the polluted stream which could degrade crude oil. Hydrocarbons in the environment are biodegraded primarily by bacteria, yeast, and fungi. The reported e? ciency of biodegradation ranged from 6% to 82% for soil fungi, 0. 13% to 50% for soil bacteria, and 0. 003% to 100% [6] for marine bacteria. Many scientists reported that mixed populations with overall broad enzymatic capacities are required to degrade complex mixtures of hydrocarbons such as crude oil in soil, fresh water, and marine environments [8]. Bacteria are the most active agents in petroleum degradation, and they work as primary degraders of spilled oil in environment [7]. Several bacteria are even known to feed exclusively on hydrocarbons [9]. Floodgate [36] listed 25 genera of hydrocarbon degrading bacteria and 25 genera of hydrocarbon degrading fungi which were isolated from marine environment. A similar compilation by Bartha and Bossert [6] included 22 genera of bacteria and 31 genera of fungi. In earlier days, the extent to which bacteria, yeast, and ? lamentous fungi participate in the biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons was the subject of limited study, but appeared to be a function of the ecosystem and local environmental conditions [7]. Crude petroleum oil from petroleum contaminated soil from North East India was reported by Das and Mukherjee . Acinetobacter sp. Was found to be capable of utilizing n-alkanes of chain length C10–C40 as a sole source of carbon [6]. Bacterial genera, namely, Gordonia, Brevibacterium, Aeromicrobium, Dietzia, Burkholderia, and Mycobacterium isolated from petroleum contaminated soil proved to be the potential organisms for hydrocarbon degradation [9]. The degradation of poly- aromatic hydrocarbons by Sphingomonas was reported by Daugulis and McCracken . Fungal genera, namely, Amorphoteca, Neosartorya, Talaromyces, and Graphium and yeast genera, namely, Candida, Yarrowia, and Pichia were isolated from petroleum contaminated soil and proved to be the potential organisms for hydrocarbon degradation [ Singh et al. ] also reported a group of terrestrial fungi, namely, Aspergillus, Cephalosporium, and Pencillium which were also found to be the potential degrader of crude oil hydrocarbons. The yeast species, namely, Candida lipolytica, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, Geotrichum sp, and Trichosporon mucoides isolated from contaminated water were noted to degrade petroleum compounds [5]. Though algae and protozoa are the important members of the microbial community in both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, reports are scanty regarding their involvement in hydrocarbon biodegradation. [Walker et al. ] isolated an alga, Prototheca zop? which was capable of utilizing crudeoil and a mixed hydrocarbon substrate and exhibited extensive degradation of n-alkanes and isoalkanes as well a aromatic hydrocarbons. Cerniglia et al. observed tha nine cyanobacteria, ? ve green algae, one red alga, one brown alga, and two diatoms could oxidize naphthalene. Protozoa by contrast, had not been shown to utilize hydrocarbons. 3. 3 Factors affecting Degradation A number of limiting factors have been recognized to a? ect the biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons, many of which have been discussed by Brusseau. The composition and inherent biodegradability of the petroleum hydrocarbon pollutant is the ? rst and foremost important consideration when the suitability of a remediation approach is to be assessed. Among physical factors, temperature plays an important role in biodegradation of hydrocarbons by directly a? ecting the chemistry of the pollutants as well as a? cting the physiology and diversity of the microbial ? ora. Atlas [4] found that at low temperatures, the viscosity of the oil increased, while the volatility of the toxic low molecular weight hydrocarbons were reduced, delaying the onset of biodegradation. Temperature also a? ects the solubility of hydrocarbons [8]. Although hydrocarbon biodegradation can occur over a wide range of temperatures, the rate of biodegradation generally decreases with the decreasing temperature. shows that highest degradation rates that generally occur in the range 30–40? C in soil environments, 20–30? Cin some freshwater environments and 15–20? C in marine environments . Venosa and Zhu [11] reported thatambient temperature of the environment a? ected both the properties of spilled oil and the activity of the microorganisms. Signi? cant biodegradation of hydrocarbons have been reported in psychrophilic environments in temperate regions. Nutrients are very important ingredients for successful biodegradation of hydrocarbon pollutants especially nitrogen, phosphorus, and in some cases iron [8]. Some of these nutrients could become limiting factor thus a? ecting the biodegradation processes. Atlas [11] reported that when a major oil spill occurred in marine and freshwater environments, the supply of carbon was signi? cantly increased and the availability of nitrogen and phosphorus generally became the limiting factor for oil degradation. In marine environments, it was found to be more pronounced due to low levels of nitrogen and phosphorous in seawater [10]. Freshwater wetlands are typically considered to be nutrient de? cient due to heavy demands of nutrients by the plants. Therefore, additions of nutrients were necessary to enhance the biodegradation of oil pollutant. On the other hand, excessive nutrient concentrations can also inhibit the biodegradation activity [11]. Several authors have reported the negative e? ects of high NPK levels on the biodegradation of hydrocarbons especially on aromatics [10]. The e? ectiveness of fertilizers for the crude oil bioremediation in subarctic intertidal sediments was studied by Pelletier et al. . Use of poultry manure as organic fertilizer in contaminated soil was also reported , and biodegradation was found to be enhanced in the presence of poultry manure alone. Maki et al. eported that photo-oxidation increased the biodegradability of petroleum hydrocarbon by increasing its bioavailability and thus enhancing microbial activities. 3. 4 Mechanism of Petroleum Hydrocarbon Degradation The most rapid and complete degradation of the majority of organic pollutants is brought about under aerobic conditions. Figure 2 shows the main principle of aerobic degradation of hydrocarbons [11]. The initial intracellular at tack of organic pollutants is an oxidative process and the activation as well as incorporation of oxygen is the enzymatic key reaction catalyzed by oxygenases and peroxidases. Peripheral degradation pathways convert organic pollutants step by step into intermediates of the central intermediary metabolism, for example, the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Biosynthesis of cell biomass occurs from the central precursor metabolites, for example, acetyl-CoA, succinate, pyruvate. Sugars required for various biosyntheses and growth are synthesized by gluconeogenesis. The degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons can be mediated by speci? c enzyme system. Figure 3 shows the initial attack on xenobiotics by oxygenases. Other mechanisms involved are (1) attachment of microbial cells to the substrates and (2) production of biosurfactants [12]. The uptake mechanism linked to the attachment of cell to oil droplet is still unknown but production of biosurfactants has been well studied. 4. Brief outline of the project work: 1. Procurement of oil Samples. 2. Procurement of Pseudomonas putida strain. 3. Sub-culturing the microbe in nutrient rich media for checking viability.. 4. Culturing microbes on a mineral salt media containing only crude oil as a carbon source. 5. Biodegradation studies. 6. Gravimetric analysis 5. Materials and Methods Soil Samples – Samples(500g) contaminated with oil used for hydrocarbons utilizing microorganisms, were collected from Nhava Sheva port in Mumbai(where a recent oil spill has took place). Crude Oil – Crude Oil is procured from an Oil production site of ONGC. Bacterial Strain – Pseudomonas Putida PS-I strain procured from NCL Pune. 5. 1 Preparation Of Nutrient Broth For preparation of nutrient agar, malt extract, yeast extract, Potassium dihydrogen phosphate and dextrose is required. Malt extract and yeast extract is generally used as a nutritious agent. Potassium dihydrogen phosphate i. . KH2PO4 is used as a buffering agent to maintain the pH. Dextrose is generally used as a carbon source because dextrose inhibits the growth of other micro-organisms. AUTOCLAVE is a device to sterilize equipment and supplies by subjecting them to high pressure steam at 121 ° C or more. Machines in this category largely operate by utilizing pressurized steam and superheated water. To sterilize culture media, rubber material, gowns, dressing, gloves etc. are used. It is particularly useful for materials which cannot withstand the higher temperature of hot air oven. CHEMICALS REQUIRED:- For 1000ml, Malt extract — 10 gm Beef Extract — 4 gm K2HPO4 — 1 gm Magnesium sulphate — 1 gm Sodium Chloride — 0. 5 gm pH — 7. 0 Agar — 15% PROCEDURE:- For preparation of 100ml of nutrient broth, around 100ml of double distilled water was taken in a conical flask. Malt extract, yeast extract, KH2PO4 and dextrose was weighed as per the composition mentioned above and added to the conical flask. The conical flasks are to be shaken so well so that all the chemicals should dissolve. pH was checked using pH meter and adjusted to 7. 0 using NaOH and HCl. The volume was made to 100ml by adding double distilled water. The above solution i. e. nutrient agar along with the Petri-plates was autoclaved at 15 psi and 15 minutes. Now the solution was allowed to cool down to ready to pour condition. PRECAUTIONS:- The autoclave should be done at 15 psi and 15 min. The pH should be maintained at 7. 0. 5. 2 Preparation of Nutrient Agar Slants from the Bacterial Strain For the preparation of Slants, Flame the inoculating loop to redness by holding it pointed down into the flame, starting near the handle and then moving the loop into the flame. This technique sterilizes the loop and, if wet with a culture, heats up the loop without spattering bacteria into the air and onto the surrounding area. Let the loop cool a minute. A hot loop will damage the bacteria cells. Using the fingers of the â€Å"loop hand† remove the cap from the stock culture tube and flame the tube mouth. Do not set the tube top down on the table. Insert the cooled sterilized loop into the culture tube being careful to not touch the sides of the tube. Touch the loop to the culture. You need not scrape a visible amount from the culture. Hold the tube as horizontal as possible to preclude particles from the air settling into the tube But do watch out for any condensate in the bottom of slant cultures. Don’t let this fluid wash across the face of the culture. Remove the loop being careful again to not touch the tube sides. Flame the tube mouth and replace the cap. Remove the cap of the broth tube. Flame the top. Remember to hold the top in your fingers. Insert the loop into the Slant tube filled with agar and shake to remove the bacteria. Withdraw the loop, flame the tube mouth and replace the cap. Resterilize the inoculating loop and place it on the table. Never place a contaminated loop on the table. If there is any liquid in the bottom of the slant tube avoid sticking the loop into this condensate. 5. 3 Preparation of SubCultures of Bacterial Strain The Nutrient Broth Cultures are inoculated with the bacterial strain from the nutrient agar slant as detailed below. PROCEDURE Light your Bunsen burner. In one hand hold both the Nutrient Broth culture to be inoculated and the nutrient slant agar. Loosen the tube caps. In your other hand hold the inoculating loop. Flame the inoculating loop to redness by holding it pointed down into the flame, starting near the handle and then moving the loop into the flame. This technique sterilizes the loop and, if wet with a culture, heats up the loop without spattering bacteria into the air and onto the surrounding area. Let the loop cool a minute. A hot loop will damage the bacteria cells. Using the fingers of the â€Å"loop hand† remove the cap from the stock culture tube and flame the tube mouth. Do not set the tube top down on the table. Insert the cooled sterilized loop into the slant tube being careful to not touch the sides of the tube. Touch the loop to the culture. You need not scrape a visible amount from the culture. Hold the tube as horizontal as possible to preclude particles from the air settling into the tube But do watch out for any condensate in the bottom of slant cultures. Don’t let this fluid wash across the face of the culture. Remove the loop being careful again to not touch the tube sides. Flame the tube mouth and replace the cap. Remove the cap of the broth tube. Flame the top. Remember to hold the top in your fingers. Insert the loop into the broth and shake to remove the bacteria. Gently shake the broth culture. This inoculated broth culture is incubated at room temperature for 72 hours and the bacteria is allowed to grow in the broth medium. 5. 4 Centrifugation of Crude Oil Centrifugation is a process that involves the use of the centrifugal force for the separation of mixtures with a centrifuge, used in industry and in laboratory settings. More-dense components of the mixture migrate away from the axis of the centrifuge, while less-dense components of the mixture migrate towards the axis. The precipitate (pellet) gathers on the bottom of the tube. The remaining solution is properly called the â€Å"supernate† or â€Å"supernatant liquid† The Crude Oil is Centrufuged at a speed of 5000 rpm for a period of ten minutes. The Contaminants in the oil are collected at the bottom of the tube in the form of pellets. These pellets can be removed by filtration using a filter paper. Now the concentrates oil which is free from impurities is collected in a flask and gently shaken. Spectophotometric Analysis Optical density, measured in a spectrophotometer, can be used as a measure of the concentration of bacteria in a suspension. As visible light passes through a cell suspension the light is scattered. Greater scatter indicates that more bacteria or other material is present. The amount of light scatter can be measured in a spectrophotometer. Typically, when working with a particular type of cell, you would determine the optical density at a particular wavelength that correlates with the different phases of bacterial growth. Generally we will want to use cells that are in their mid-log phase of growth. Typically the OD600 is measured. 5. 5 Subculturing Of Petri Plates with oil % of crude oil is mixed with 100 ml of Nutrient broth medium. The 1. 5g of agar is added to the medium and Nutrient Agar(with 1% crude oil) is prepared. Now take 6 Petri dishes. Open one of the dishes. Take the nutrient agar to be added and Swab the agar, barely pressing, side to side on the entire surface. The dish is closed immediately after swabbing to prevent contamination. The dish is sealed with tape around the edges to prevent co ntamination. Repeat the same procedure for the other dishes. Put the dishes in an incubator for 4 days to allow some growth. 5. 6 Biodegradation Studies Laboratory Biodegradation studies were carried out under optimized conditions for assessing the biodegradation potential of the pseudomonas putida PS-I Strain. After the desired interval of time, the petriplates were taken out and the bacterial activities were stopped by adding 1% N HCl. For the extraction of crude oil from these plates, 50ml of culture broth was mixed with 50 ml of acetone : petroleum ether (1:1) in a single separating funnel and shaken vigorously to get a single emulsified layer and acetone was added then to it and shaken gently to break the emulsification which resulted in three layers. Top layer was a mixture of Petroleum ether crude oil and acetone. Clumping cells aere formed in the middle layer and the bottom layer contains acetone, water and biosurfactant in soluble form. The lower two layers were separated out while the top layer containing petroleum ether mixed with crude oil and acetone is taken out in a fresh beaker. The extracted oil is passed through anhydrous sodium sulphate in order to remove the moisture. The petroleum ether and acetone were evaporated on a water bath leaving us with the dry oil clump. 5. 7 Gravimetric Analysis Gravimetric analysis describes a set of methods in analytical chemistry for the quantitative determination of an analyte based on the mass of a solid. the analyte must first be converted to a solid by precipitation with an appropriate reagent. The precipitate can then be collected by filtration, washed, dried to remove traces of moisture from the solution, and weighed. The amount of analyte in the original sample can then be calculated from the mass of the precipitate and its chemical composition. Gravimetric analysis is performed on the dry oil clump collected after the water bath. It is done by weighing the quantity of residual oil left after biodegradation in a tared vial. The mass of this crucible is subtracted from the initial mass of the 1% of oil that is added in the petridishes giving the amount of oil that is degraded due to the biological avtivity of the pseudomonas putida strain. 6. Results 6. 1 Growth Analysis of Pseudomonas Putida: The culture which was obtained in test tube slants was further sub cultured in conical flasks in a LB medium and the growth analysis was done to check the viability of the culture obtained. The growth kinetics plot was obtained by measuring the O. D. y using a visible spectrophotometer and recording the reading at regular intervals. The Graph was then plotted. 6. 2 Gravimetric Analysis: Biodegradation studies were conducted for 15 days and gravimetric analysis was done after every five days. The biodegradation effect was seen from the 5th day onwards. Laboratory biodegradation studies on crude oil by Pseudomonas putida No . Of Days| Initial Concn| Final Concn| Difference| Degradation (%)| 5 days| 1. 431  ± . 57| 1. 325  ± . 46| 0. 106  ± . 11| 7. 4| 10 days| 1. 453  ± . 71| 1. 198  ± . 38| 0. 255  ± . 34| 17. 54| 15 days| 1. 398  ± . 68| 0. 936  ± . 31| 0. 62  ± . 28| 33. 04 | 7. Discussion It can be seen that the degradation percentage of oil has increased from mere 7. 41 in the first 5 days to a good 33. 04 percentage towards the 15th day, from this it is clearly understood that pseudomonas putida is an ideal organism for bioremediation programmes. Moreover this rate of degradation has been obtained under normal conditions without any aid from surfactants or fertilizers. Hence there is scope for achieving much greater rates by using the above mentioned methods of fertilizing or adding surfactants. 8. BIBLIOGRAPHY (1). U. S. Enviromental Protection Agency (1990). Interim Report, Oil Spill Bioremediation Project. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Washington (2). T. Cairney. Contaminated Land, p. 4, Blackie, London (1993). (3). R. B. King, G. M. Long, J. K. Sheldon. Practical Environmental Bioremediation: The Field Guide, 2nd ed. , Lewis, Boca Raton, FL (1997). (4). Atlas, Ronald M. (1995). Petroleum Biodegradation and Oil Spill Bioremediation. Marine Pollution Bulletin 31, 178-182 (5) Hoff, Rebecca Z. (1993). Bioremediation: an overview of its development and use for oil spill cleanup. Marine Pollution Bulletin 29, 476-481. 6). Irwin, Patricia (1996). To clean up environmental spill, know your medium. Electrical World 37-40. (7). Swannell, Richard P. J. ; Lee, Kenneth; McDonagh, Madeleine (1996). Field Evaluations of Marine Oil Spill Bioremediation. Microbiological Reviews 60, 342-365 (8). Radwan, S. S. ; Sorkhoh, N. A. ; El-Nemr, I. M. ; El-Desouky, A. F. (1997). A feasibility study on seeding as a bio remediation practice for the oily Kuwaiti desert. Journal of Applied Microbiology 83, 353-358. (9). P. E. Flathman, D. Jerger, J. E. Exner. Bioremediation: Field Experience, Lewis, Boca Raton, FL (1993). 10). J. G. Mueller, C. E. Cerniglia, P. H. Pritchard. Bioremediation of Environments Contaminated by Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. In Bioremediation: Principles and Applications, pp. 125–194, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1996). (11). P. J. S. Colberg and L. Y. Young. Anaerobic Degradation of Nonhalogenated Homocyclic Aromatic Compounds Coupled with Nitrate, Iron, or Sulfate Reduction. In Microbial Transformation and Degradation of Toxic Organic Chemicals, pp. 307–330, Wiley-Liss, New York (1995). (12). A. S. Allard and A. H. Neilson. Oil Eating Microbes 39, 253–285 (1997). How to cite Biodegradation of Hydrocarbons from Crude Oil by Pseudomonas Putida, Papers

Business Innovation and its Significance-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Business Innovation and its Significance. Answer: Introduction: Business innovation and its significance: Business innovation is one of the most recognizable ways of rendering business success by ensuring growth, sustainability as well as competitiveness. With the dynamic growth of market the needs and demands of the customers are changing gradually. As per the general concept of the eminent scholars, the overarching term innovation signifies rendering unique feature in product, process and services as well as on management. Bringing innovation in product is highly important for maintaining sustainability (Siegel and Wessner 2012). With the changing needs and demands of the customers business experts have to add new features within their products so that people from different attitudes and backgrounds tend to show their interest in purchasing products. On the other hand, innovation in service process is highly significant for drawing the attention of customers. Service innovation brings a new taste in the mind of customers. With the help of technology large number of business organizations has decided to maintain online service process in order to save the time of customers. Customers do not have to visit the shop physically for receiving the products. Service providers are flexile to place the order as per proper destination. The emergence of online delivery, home delivery has made the entire service process of business more convenient. After the implementation of this innovation within service process customer service users have been highly benefited. As a result, the internal communication between the service providers and the service users has been increased. Innovation in management is the concept based on which managers tend to make an effective relation with the employees (Audretsch, Lehmann and Wright 2014). It is undeniable that the success of a business organization is highly dependent on the performance level of the employees. Therefore, the business managers should implement innovative strat egies and policies based on which the employees show their interest in performing well towards the services. Technology transfer and its significance: In a word, technology transfer is a broader process of acquiring and transferring skill, knowledge, technology, intellectual property and management process and personnel development from one mode of state to another. The underlying term technology transfer is not only about the intervention of technology. Technological transfer is related to the entire internal property of organization based on which the organizational sustainability is highly dependent (Algieri, Aquino and Succurro 2013). With the gradual progress of business industry customers are getting advanced technology. In the realm of globalization business organizations are stretching their widespread wings in the International market as well. In order to satisfy the demands of international customers business experts have to use innovative technology and management based on which the customers would like to show their interest in purchasing products as well as services (McAdam et al. 2012). Relation between business innovation and technological transfer: The two overarching term business innovation and technology transfer are inseparably related to each other. Technology transfer is the part of business innovation with the help of which business organizations have applied large number of innovative process within their service process for enhancing the range of target customers. The ways of technology transfer is highly dependent on the business organization and their demands on customers. For an example, a particular traditional business sector intends to implement e-commerce business for expanding their wings (Comacchio, Bonesso and Pizzi 2012). This particular strategy can be categorized under business innovation. On the other hand, before implementing ecommerce business the business experts have to change their entire technological equipment for communicating with the customers through online. On the other hand, the business experts have to render a drastic change in the structure of team as well. In order to maintain traditional business process employees need not to e very much advanced in technology, but while handling the demands of customers through ecommerce business process the employees should have technological efficiency (Wright 2014). Woolworths at the very initial stage was a very prestigious supermarket chain in the market of Australia. After raising the needs and demands of the customers the business organizations started to implement online delivery process as well. At that time, the business experts felt the importance of technological transfer for fulfilling the demands of customers from different geographical boundaries. Therefore, implementing something new within the business process is otherwise named as business innovation. Methodology of analytical approach Types of business innovation: Carayannis, Sindakis and Walter (2015) stated that business innovation is constituted with two major types including process innovation, marketing innovation and organizational innovation. Process innovation is the systematic method of implementing improved product or services within the business in order to decrease of service or product cost. In many cases, it has been observed that the supply chain sector of an organization has been dependent on the advanced technology in order to reduce the labor as well as overall operation cost. This particular cost can be saved for other purpose as well. Bucherer, Eisert and Gassmann (2012) opined that marketing innovation is the systematic method of implement new business plan for the purpose of marketing or promotion. Providing the quality of products and services is the only way of achieving the success of an organization. Along with maintaining product quality the business experts have to make an in-depth focus on the promotional activitie s as well. With the competitive market scenario, various business organizations are using different kinds of promotional activities for placing their brands and products in the international market. On the other hand, organizational innovation is the process of implementing innovative strategies and policies within the organization in order to satisfy the needs and demands of both customers as well as service employees. It has been observed the large number of employees intend to switch over to another company after getting better packages, facilities and benefits (Hewitt-Dundas 2013). In this kind of situation, it is undeniable that organizational innovation is highly important for maintaining the sustainability level of the organization. Organizational innovation includes improving workplace satisfaction, transaction cost, reducing the administrative cost and so many. As emphasized by Teece (2012), in order to compete with the current business market of retail sector TESCO has decided to start eat happy project. This particular project ensures that children should be attracted towards healthy foods and vegetable. The product managers have decided to manufacture products in such a way that children love to have those foods. As a result, the parents are showing their interest in purchasing those foods from TESCO. At the same time, it is undeniable that some of the employees under eat happy project has visited schools of UK for providing training to the children so that they can be encouraged towards cooking and self services. This particular initiative can be considered as the major part of process innovation. Landry et al. (2013) stated that on the other hand, organizations like Verizon Communications Inc., AT T Inc are the organizations that primarily focus on making online advertisement in order to draw the attention of global customers. This particular business innovation method is otherwise named as marketing innovation. In order to place the brand in the mind of international customers the business experts are primary intending the place their brands in digital media especially. Importance of technological transfer within the business process: In order to maintain organizational sustainability the business organizations needs to render business innovation. One of the most effective ways of business innovation is to render technology transfer. In most of the cases it has been observed that business organizations have to receive major threats from its competitors. Trimi and Berbegal-Mirabent (2012) opined that after the emergence of ecommerce business process traditional business organizations have to face innumerable challenges in order to maintain their image and reputation. In order to overcome this kind of situation the traditional business organizations have rendered some of the most effective innovative strategy within their business process. Implementation of visual merchandise is one of the most effective strategies of innovation after the implementation of which business organizations have achieved different outlook. Bradley, Hayter and Link (2013) stated that most of the business organizations especially belonging to the retail sector tend to draw the attention of large number of pedestrians. In many cases it has been observed that people do not have proper idea and knowledge about the products as well as services. Visual merchandise can be considered as one of the most effective ways of market innovation. This particular process of promotional activities helps to draw the attention of customers. Feldman and Massard (2012) opined that the concept of visual merchandise is one of the most effective ways of technological transfer based on which large number of business organizations draw the attention of customers. Large number of business organization intends to use technological transfer in order to handle the major threat from its competitors. People belonging to different geographical markets would like to purchase the products and services only when they would like to receive necessary benefit s and facilities form the customers. Technological transfer is the most effective way to place their product in the realm of international market. People of different geographical boundaries after facing the business innovation show their interest in using the products of organization. Business innovation theories: As per the concept of Andersson and Lf (2012), disruptive innovation theory is the concept which refers to the innovation of creating new market and value network in order to give a major threats for its competitors. As per the point of view of Clayton Christensen, the founder of disruptive innovation theory, organizations would have to create a continuous market value for enhancing the number of target customers. On the other hand, people belonging to different geographical boundaries are not very much accustomed with the organizational cultures and behaviors. On one hand, marketing managers need to be more efficient in rendering new marketing strategies for drawing the attention of customers. Becher and Kuhlmann (2012) opined that the emergence of monitory benefits towards a particular products as well as services, the implementation of point system are the systematic ways based on which business experts intend to create a market value of their products as well as services. With th e current market scenario, competitors in different business sectors are growing rapidly. In this kind of situation, business experts need to implement some of the major strategies and policies based on which customers of different geographical areas can be attracted towards the service process. However, disruptive theory helps to maintain employee sustainability as well. Whenever a particular business organization is facing huge rate of employee turnover the significance of business innovation with the implementation of disruptive theory is highly important. Factors affecting in the implementation of technological transfer In order to implement technology transfer for rendering business innovation the importance of economic strength along with physical equipment within the organization is highly important. In order to implement the promotional activities of visual merchandise the organizations need to have enough economic strength. Mas-Verd et al. (2015) opined that economy can be considered as one of the most important factors due to which most of the business organizations fail to implement business innovations. In last five years it has been observed that Woolworths is facing innumerable challenges in maintaining their business image and reputation. Due to the high rate of employee turnover the organization is unable to maintain a balance between customers demands and product supply. In this kind of situation, the business experts failed to get the proper revenue growth. Therefore, economy is one of the most important factors based on which organizations cannot implement business innovation strategy within their service process. On the other hand, physical resource is one of the most important factors that highly affect in implementing technological transfer. Autio et al. (2014) commented that physical resource includes in-house equipments, technologies and so many. In order to make a traditional business sector into ecommerce large number of business organizations has to implement sufficient technological equipments in order to operate the entire business process. It has been observed that most of the business experts failed to implement business innovation due to the lack of having sufficient technological equipments. Impact of technological transfer and business innovation for organizational success Parrilli and Elola (2012) opined that technological transfer is possessed with both positive as well as negative impact. On one hand, after the implementation of business innovation the rate of internal employee sustainability increases. People belonging to different geographical markets tend to show their interest in using products and services. The business experts become successful in drawing the attention of customers even going beyond the regional market. On the other hand, the organization is very much successful in rendering huge range of revenue growth. At the same time, business innovation and technology transfer is having some of the major negative impacts as well. If the employees fail to operate the advancement of technology while providing services to the customers, the entire rhythmic process would be highly affected. At the same time, it is undeniable that due to the lack of technological proficiency employees fail to provide their best performance (Gallouj, Rubalcaba and Windrum 2013). The entire revenue growth of the organization is highly affected. Findings on critical evaluation After making an in-depth critical methodology about the business innovation and technological transfer some of the evaluation can be conducted. As emphasized by (Anja and Neil 2012) technological transfer is very much relevant for every organization in order to place their brand in the international market. It has been observed that most of the organizations fail to implement business innovation strategy and policy due to the lack of economic strength. At the same time, the organizations are having the lack of proper physical resources (Hovhannisyan and Keller 2015). This particular factor acts as a major hindrance for implementing business innovation. The above illustration has discussed all aspects associated with the business innovation procedure. The study has highlighted several types of business innovation procedure like product innovation, management innovation and technological innovation that organizations utilizes for achieving sustainable growth in the market. Increasing c ompetition has left no options for the organizations than to utilize different unique strategies or procedures for maintaining competitive advantage in the market (Anja and Neil 2012). For instance, all these technology-based organizations have focused on providing new updates for the software or other services so that it can able to stay ahead of the competitors. On the other hand, management innovation focuses on developing new unique strategies to maximize the utility of the available workforce. The dynamic business environment has complicated the roles and responsibilities of the managers for keeping the internal business environment at the desired level. On the contrary, the study has highlighted technology transferring as process of transferring technology among different organizations. Over the years, different universities and research studies have conducted lot of research for developing groundbreaking process and techniques that can completely transfer the way businesses are conducted previously. The study has also highlighted technological transferring process as the transferring of the scientific findings from one business institution to another. It includes identification of new technologies, proper protection through copyrights and patents and commercialization strategy (Parrilli and Elola 2012). In the present time, business innovation has allowed organizations to implement different changes in their business procedure. It allows organizations to remain different from other competitors present in the market. The study has also mentioned different models of innovations including industry model innovation, revenue model innovation and enterprise model innovation. Industry model innovation is utilized where companies move into new segments for developing compl etely new industry. For instance, Google is looking to lead the path of developing self-driving cars, which will completely transform the way of transportation. Revenue based innovation focused on re-configuring the products or services offered at different price level. The different pricing model has allowed organizations to reach more customers for gaining major profit from the business. On the other hand, enterprise model innovation has focused on transforming internal and external process that changes the entire value chain activities (Becher and Kuhlmann 2012). Now, business innovation process in one organization has automatically induced other organizations to implement similar strategies for maintaining competitive advantage in the market. Thus, business innovation process is actually increasing the practices of technological transferring in a major way. Specifically, IT companies utilize these types of strategies for covering all areas associated with the operational procedure. Moreover, globalization has induced management to implement new strategies and policies, which will enhance the effectiveness of technological transferring procedure. With time, businesses across all sectors are becoming extremely competitive, which is inducing organizations to gain superiority in the market (Bradley, Hayter and Link 2013). The study has discussed all aspects of the business innovation and technological transferring procedure in a major way. It has highlighted the way these strategies can allow organizations to achieve sustainable growth in the market. Moreover, the study has included the future implications of business innovation and technology transferring procedure within the corporate sector in an in-depth manner. Conclusion: The entire study has provided an in-depth analysis about the importance of technological transfer and business innovation for rendering the success of business. With the continuous change of market and business growth the organizations are intending to implement numerous strategies and policies in order to draw the attention of customers. With the upgrading progress of globalization the rate of customers are getting enhanced day by day. Therefore, technological transfer and business innovation can be considered with the part of business strategies and policies. This particular study has provided detailed analysis regarding the impact of business innovation on customer behavior as well as on maintaining organizational success. In this specific study some of the major factors affecting business innovation have been highlighted. Among most of the major factors the significance of economy as well as business resources is the most important factors. Rendering business innovation within the strategy ensures placing the brands and products in the international market. As a result, customers belonging to different geographical boundaries show their interest for being the part of this organization. Reference List: Algieri, B., Aquino, A. and Succurro, M., 2013. Technology transfer offices and academic spin-off creation: the case of Italy.The Journal of Technology Transfer,38(4), pp.382-400. Andersson, M. and Lf, H., 2012. Small business innovation: firm level evidence from Sweden.The Journal of Technology Transfer,37(5), pp.732-754. Anja, B. and Neil, F., 2012. Intellectual property rights, innovation and technology transfer: a survey. Audretsch, D.B., Lehmann, E.E. and Wright, M., 2014. Technology transfer in a global economy.The Journal of Technology Transfer,39(3), pp.301-312. Autio, E., Kenney, M., Mustar, P., Siegel, D. and Wright, M., 2014. Entrepreneurial innovation: The importance of context.Research Policy,43(7), pp.1097-1108. Becher, G. and Kuhlmann, S. eds., 2012.Evaluation of technology policy programmes in Germany(Vol. 4). Springer Science Business Media. Bradley, S.R., Hayter, C.S. and Link, A.N., 2013. Models and methods of university technology transfer.Foundations and Trends in Entrepreneurship,9(6), pp.571-650. Bucherer, E., Eisert, U. and Gassmann, O., 2012. Towards systematic business model innovation: lessons from product innovation management.Creativity and Innovation Management,21(2), pp.183-198. Carayannis, E.G., Sindakis, S. and Walter, C., 2015. Business model innovation as lever of organizational sustainability.The Journal of Technology Transfer,40(1), pp.85-104. Comacchio, A., Bonesso, S. and Pizzi, C., 2012. Boundary spanning between industry and university: the role of Technology Transfer Centres.The Journal of Technology Transfer,37(6), pp.943-966. Feldman, M.P. and Massard, N. eds., 2012.Institutions and systems in the geography of innovation(Vol. 25). Springer Science Business Media. Gallouj, F., Rubalcaba, L. and Windrum, P. eds., 2013.PublicPrivate Innovation Networks in Services. Edward Elgar Publishing. Hewitt-Dundas, N., 2013. The role of proximity in university-business cooperation for innovation.The Journal of Technology Transfer,38(2), pp.93-115. Hovhannisyan, N. and Keller, W., 2015. International business travel: an engine of innovation?.Journal of Economic Growth,20(1), pp.75-104. Landry, R., Amara, N., Cloutier, J.S. and Halilem, N., 2013. Technology transfer organizations: Services and business models.Technovation,33(12), pp.431-449. Mas-Verd, F., Ribeiro-Soriano, D. and Roig-Tierno, N., 2015. Firm survival: The role of incubators and business characteristics.Journal of Business Research,68(4), pp.793-796. McAdam, R., Miller, K., McAdam, M. and Teague, S., 2012. The development of University Technology Transfer stakeholder relationships at a regional level: Lessons for the future.Technovation,32(1), pp.57-67. Parrilli, M.D. and Elola, A., 2012. The strength of science and technology drivers for SME innovation.Small Business Economics,39(4), pp.897-907. Siegel, D.S. and Wessner, C., 2012. Universities and the success of entrepreneurial ventures: Evidence from the small business innovation research program.The Journal of Technology Transfer,37(4), pp.404-415. Teece, D.J., 2012. Dynamic capabilities: Routines versus entrepreneurial action.Journal of Management Studies,49(8), pp.1395-1401 Trimi, S. and Berbegal-Mirabent, J., 2012. Business model innovation in entrepreneurship.International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal,8(4), pp.449-465. Wright, M., 2014. Academic entrepreneurship, technology transfer and society: where next?.The journal of technology transfer,39(3), pp.322-334.

Why We Fight free essay sample

Why We Fight Wars are sometimes necessary to maintain and preserve our American values, way of life, liberty, and freedom. Most wars have been to preserve these American values, but some wars seem to have been fought other reasons. As American’s we fight to spread liberty and democracy. Our nation wants to prevent terrorism from happening in the United States. Our government fights wars because it is familiar. It is what we know as a nation. Throughout history, we have fought wars well being well equipped and well trained having a large military. History keeps repeating itself—war after war after war. We as a nation do not strive for an existence of non-violence, non-fighting, no war. We don’t stand by or stand for the principle-peace. We surrender to violence, fighting, letting war win. We don’t stand by peace, teach peace to future generations or strive for it by avoiding war or finding other solutions. We will write a custom essay sample on Why We Fight or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page We as a nation are stubborn. We give in too soon to the idea of war. It is easy to start a war. It is easy to take part in a war. It is easy to stay in a war and let it linger. Our nation is limited by its inability to use our words to problem solve, to negotiate, and to cope at the level needed to maintain peace and avoid war. Peace begins within our own families, our own lives, our communities, our schools, our place of work, the choices we make each day, the words we choose to use, the actions we take each day. We teach war to future generations, war after war after war. How many people can say they lived during a time when there wasn’t a war. It is something we know within our own families, someone in our family history has fought in a war. Our nation can say wars are fought to support liberty and justice for all, democracy, freedom, but these words and war don’t seem to go together. We have to kill and be killed to achieve this. We have to wipe out another country, another way of life to do this,so much for liberty and justice for all. When 9/11 happened, I think the majority of people thought that’s why the Iraq war started. It was portrayed by the government that the Iraq war was a result of 9/11. A few years later, there was no proof that the war in Iraq was necessary. Osama Bin Laden was ultimately responsible, but how many other people died to get to this conclusion. Was this war necessary or was it retaliation, anger, hatred, hunger to get revenge, what we knew as a nation, poor coping and negotiation, poor regard for life, thinking there were no other options, history repeating itself again, inability to problem solve, giving in too soon, easily starting another war. Was it really to preserve liberty and freedom and our way of life? We are a nation of immigrants, early or later. We are all immigrants who want to preserve our liberty, way of life, and freedom. We all have the desire to protect what is ours and to protect what our families came to the United States in search of years ago or yesterday. We all have a patriotism that guides us whether we acknowledge it or not. We can change the pattern of the future, by learning from past history, past wars, and keep wars in the past.

Lab Report Sn1 Essay Example

Lab Report Sn1 Essay Marta Gebregziabher Discussion and Conclusion: Addition reaction of Alkenes: Bromination of (E)-Stilbene 1. Addition reaction is a reaction that involved two molecules that combine to make a larger product. Addition reaction has two main types, electrophilic addition and nucleophilic addition. An electrophilic reaction is when the pi bond of a molecule is removed to make two covalent bonds that are bonded to two new molecules. A nucleophillic addition is a reaction that removed the pi bond from a molecule and adds covalent bonds with two new compounds. Halogenation or most commonly known as bromination is a reaction that breaks a pi bond and adds a halogen or in this case, a bromine to the molecule. This addition of the bromine can be very steroselective. Stereoselectivity can come from steric and electronic effects. Steric effect arise when two atoms ar brought close together, the resulting push of electrone clouds is what creates the significant change in shape. The steric and electronic chemistry affect the way the halogen react with the molecule. E-Stilbene is a hydrocarbon with a double bond and with phenyl groups attached to each side of the double bond in a such a way that the configuration is in the trans formation. Stilbene has two isomers, tran stilbene, and cis stilbene, which is more unstable than trans stilbene. Z-stilbene has a melting point of 5-6 degrees C and E-stilbene has a melating point of 125 degrees C. The bromination of E-stilbene theoretically results in an all meso product. The mechanism suggests that when the bromine is attacked by the pi bond, it will add to on of the carbons. We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report Sn1 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report Sn1 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report Sn1 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The other bromine adds to the other carbon but on the opposite side so that only the meso compound is made. During the reaction the bridged halonioum intermediate is very important in desscussing the results in the actual experiment. Although the meso compound dominated because it is the most stable, the d/l compounds of stilbene are also preoduced but in very low amounts. These two compounds are diastermers of one another and have different physical properties such as melting points . The melting point of meso stilbene is 248 degrees C and the d/l stilbenes have melting points that are less than 100 degrees C. Data and Analysis After bromination of . 906g of E-stilbene, the crude amount recovered was 1. 205 g and the melting point of the crude substance was 160. Considering the melting point of the meso is 241, this data is a little off. This might be due to the crude amount not totally being meso. Since we actually get a mixture of meso and d/l products, it is not a surprise to find that the Mp is lower than expected. The crude amount was then put through recrystalization process, and the recovered amount was . 75g and the melting point was found to be 155 degree C. This is also not a the data we are looking for. The melting point should be a combination of two melting points for the meso product and the d/l product. So the melting point we want should be around 180 degree C. The fact that its lower could be that all the contaminants have not been removed from the recoved amount and that was hindering the accuracy of the data. Also maybe the reaction did not finish producing all the meso compounds so that led to a significant decrease in melting point. The % yield of the product was 82. 78%. some sources of error could that after stiring for 15 mins some of the solids was left in the round bottom flask and there was no way to get all of it out. Also another source of error could be when removing the stir bar, some of the product stuck onto the stir bar and there was a loss of product from there. As well as when recrystalizing, some of the solid was left on the beaker, when it was being transferred to a weighing boat for a final weighing. Conclusion Purpose of the experiament was to add bromine to e-stilbene to get z-stilbene. Although the theoretical data states that all of the product should be meso, the actual experiament says otherwise and we get a mixture of meso, and d/l products. Although most of the product is meso, the intermediate was stereoselective enough to produce d/l products too.