Comparison Of Hobbes’ And Locke’s Political Philosophies Essay

Thomas Hobbes and John Locke are both contemporary philosophers who were made famous for their political philosophies especially on areas of government and the community. Although Hobbes was born forty one years ahead of Locke, both have agreed on certain ideas but remained in contrast with others. In this paper we will try to compare the main philosophies held by Hobbes and Locke, focusing on their opinions on government, community, leadership and the concept of social contract or covenant. This paper will also attempt to align the said philosophies in contemporary events particularly in the American life after September 11 attack. At the end of this paper, this author aims to establish the fact that Locke’s political philosophies are more practical, consistent and acceptable over that of Hobbes. Hobbes and Locke are particularly interested in human beings and how they interact with the world. Both believing in the existence of God, they both insist that human beings need a leader- a feature of human community that is a vital element of their survival. 1â€Å"Without a leader, the country would fall away into nothing†. They however differ on the type of leader that a community should have in order to survive. For Hobbes, there’s only one man that should rule or govern the people, and that is a king (Hobbes, Thomas 1994, p. 83). Hobbes maintains that it is only this king who should be given the authority and the responsibility to write laws, make decision and consequently of controlling the people. In order for people to survive, people are therefore compelled to obey the commands of the ruler, both in religious and government matters. Locke however believes the other way around. For John Locke, it is rather the people who should run the government and not the king. Consequently, Locke points to the idea that the responsibility of uniting and taking care of the needs of the whole community lies in the hands of the people and not on the sole control of one person. Unlike Hobbes, Locke somehow points to a democratic form of government wherein the people are given the right to participate in all affairs of the government including the responsibility of deciding what is best for the general public. Locke also suggests that the people should rather have to decide on who they wanted to rule over them. Moreover, since the power lies on the people, they have the right to overthrow a wicked ruler in the same way as they have decided to have him seated in the position (Locke, John 1997, p. 22). Because Hobbes maintains authoritarian form of government, he insists that 1â€Å"society could not exist except by the power of the state†. This is directly contrary to Locke’s view that man is inherently a social being and thus has the need and the ability to interact with others. Hobbes idea then simply would suggest that man is necessarily a creature that cannot decide for him nor does he has the ability to discern what is good and what is evil because he needs a ruler in order to establish a society. Moreover the statement suggests that man has to submit to an authority and after which all individual rights are gone and so man is compelled to obey. It is also important to note that Hobbes, in this aspect believes that man does not have the right to rebel against the ruler since the latter is assumed to be someone who does all things good and lawful. For Hobbes, the right thing for man to do is to shut up and obey and once this is done, anyone does not have the right to kill the obedient one. Because the state is the supreme ruler in the society, the ruler then is assumed to be wise enough to the point that all his affairs, his views and decisions are deemed just. Hobbes also assumes that 1â€Å"all of society is a direct creation of the state and a reflection of the will of the ruler†. Locke however has a better and more practical idea that is obviously been the basis of most governments, especially those that employ the democratic form of government. On the concept of social contract, Locke believes that by giving up our rights to â€Å"exact retribution for crimes†, we are in return given the right to just, impartial protection of our properties and out lives (Harris, Ian 1994). Relative to this, man still retain his rights to life and liberty. The state, according to Locke has only one role, and that is 1â€Å"to ensure that justice is seen to be done†. The ruler therefore is necessarily not the sole decision maker in the society, rather he is just an instrument appointed by the general public to serve justice and maintain peace. The government therefore, as peacemakers should not be involved in any form of injustice or any act that may disturb peace in the society. Otherwise, Locke believes that the people are given the right to kill or overthrow the ruler. Although Hobbes is in favor of the unlimited power of the state, he justified his point well by stating that the purpose of such unlimited power is to end all conflict and contention. Because he regarded people as creatures who are incapable of knowing what is good and evil, Hobbes believes that people have the tendency to freely live a material life which would result into conflict. Thus the avoid this, the state is given the sole and unlimited power over them. 1Both Hobbes and Locke believe that there is an implied contract between the state and the people as soon as a ruler is being placed in power. The difference however is that Locke regard that contract as something that impliedly sets the ruler as a judge over the affairs of the people while Hobbes set that contract as something that sets the ruler as a master of the people. Hobbes points out â€Å"all contracts are binding, even if entered into from fear of violence or pain of death† (Hobbes, 1994 p. 86). Hobbes does maintains that man does not have the ability to recognize good from evil because he believes that good and evil are established and defined by the will of the state (Hobbes, 1994 p. 28). This means that good and evil exist only because something or things are defined as such by the ruler. Hobbes then points to the idea that there exist no definite standard or basis for man to know what is the right thing to do and what is wrong. As with the idea of property and its ownership, Hobbes believes that the state is the one defining the property of somebody. Because man cannot discern good from evil, human beings without the state or the ruler cannot live in peace. Hobbes further assumes that peace can only exist and reign in a society when its people subject themselves to one absolute and common master. From here Hobbes might be suggesting that it is impossible for the world to experience peace since the world does have different rulers. On the other hand, Locke believes that humans inherently has the capacity to discern what is good from evil and are therefore capable of knowing what is lawful and what is not. â€Å"Most importantly, they are capable of telling the difference between what is theirs and what belongs to someone else† (Locke, John 2002, p. 87). Locke however recognizes the fact that despite this inherent capacity and ability, humans act the other way around. In Locke’s view, the only norm should be peace and nothing else (Cox, R. H. 1960, p. 32). Unlike Hobbes, Locke believes that man has the capacity to live in peace by refraining from hurting other and from molesting or invading their properties. Since man has the inherent capacity to discern what is good from evil, it not therefore impossible for the world to achieve peace even with the existence of different rulers. All rulers of different countries in the world are human beings who are supposed to be mature and wise enough to know what is best for their people. Because most of these rulers are elected by the people, then it is likely that it is the general preference of the people that dominates the government affairs. I also agree with Locke that when the ruler placed by the people on the seat of power abused his political powers, then the people have all the right to overthrow him and replace with somebody deserving. In the contemporary world, Hobbes and Locke’s political theories can still be relevant especially that these have, in bulk, something to do with rights and liberties of the people and the role of the government on managing the lives of its people. After the September 11 attack, the American government has been very vigilant and has somehow gone beyond the normal process of ensuring the security of the Americans. Such security measures are so rigid and strict to the point that the freedom-loving Americans thought there are losing much of their liberties. The government in defense ensures the public that such implementation of security measures plainly for national security. As for me, such measures are preferred because my security, that of my family and all Americans is of higher importance than my liberties. Let us remember that the role of the state is to ensure that justice is being served at all times, as Locke maintains. Part of serving justice is for the state to implement measures that see to it that nobody in its jurisdiction is being oppressed or hurt. To set up surveillance cameras, place military men in public places, have everyone’s baggage inspected in airports, hotels or malls are part of security measures and I do not see anything that suggests these things to be invading anyone’s liberties. Besides what is liberty if we will all die under crumbles of another attack? The President has been elected by the people and it is assumed that his rule has the consent of the majority. The American people are wise enough to discern who the best person at the Presidential seat is. By casting our votes, we are entrusting our security and the general condition of the American people in the hands on the person we voted upon. To entrust our security to the elected President does not mean we are being robots who have nothing more to do but to shut up and obey as what Hobbes suggest. To have security measures implemented in public places does not at all violate our liberties and thus we do not need to regain them. I believe that the American government still acts within the limits of justice and that I still regard all measures to be actions wherein human security rather than vengeance is of higher priority. I believe that the American government has not yet failed with its task of protecting its people so we as citizens do not have yet the right to rebel or withdraw our support. Let us remember that failure to take its primary responsibility is the only requisite Locke has provided in order for the people to have reasons to rebel. We still have our full liberties with us and security measures are implemented in order to regain one thing we have lost in the 911 attack: justice. BIBLIOGRAPHY Cox, R. H. Locke on War and Peace. OUP: Oxford, 1960. Harris, Ian. The Mind of John Locke. CUP: Cambridge, 1994. An excellent contextual analysis of the political and religious mindset of Locke’s Britain. Hobbes, Thomas. The Leviathan. Ed. Edwin Curley. Indianapolis: Hacket. 1994. Locke, John. â€Å"Essay on the Law of Nature. † In Political Writings. Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought. Ed. Mark Goldie. CUP: Cambridge, 2002. 1Locke versus Hobbes. 24 November 2007. < http://www. jim. com/hobbes. htm> Locke, John. Two Treatises of Government. Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought. Ed. Peter Laslett. CUP: Cambridge, 1997. Locke, John. â€Å"Two Tracts on Government. † In Political Writings. Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought. Ed. Mark Goldie. CUP: Cambridge, 2002.

A comparison of American and Japanese Animation

The origin of the modern day term ‘Animation’ derives from the Latin word   ‘Animatus’, meaning simply ‘ to give life’ yet perhaps the earliest known form of animation, the phenakistoscope, derives it name not from Latin but from a Greek term meaning â€Å"deceiving viewer†.The phenakistoscope, invented in 1833 by the Belgian Joseph Plateau was the forerunner of the more famous (and more commercially available) Zoetrope (Greek: Zoe – life / trope – wheel) invented in 1834 by George Horner,The earliest fully animated cartoon (as they were then more widely known) was produced by a French strip cartoonist Emile Courtet, who, working under the name Emile Cohl used individually drawn images to create the 1908 two – minute long cartoon named Fantasmagorie which subsequently received release in Britain under the title Black and White.The world’s first ‘Cartoon Star’ Felix the Cat â€Å"walked† in to the picture and onto the screen in 1919, the creation of already successful comic strip artist Pat Sullivan, Felix was to both revolutionise cartoon making and introduce manyclichà ©s that are still in effect today. Sullivan utilized all the aspects of the comicstrip such as speech bubbles, ‘idea’ light bulbs and the quite literal use of items such as the humble question mark, in order to bring Felix to life. As Denis Gifford explains:†¦[I]f a question mark could be drawn popping out of Felix’s head, then it could just as easily be plucked physically from the sky and used as a handy hook, especially if a milk bottle stood just out of reach. (The Great Cartoon Stars, a Who’s Who!)While the first cartoon hero may have been a cat, arguably the most famous of all animated stars however, is Mickey Mouse. Featured in â€Å"Steamboat Willie† (1928) the first commercial cartoon film to ever include sound, Mickey Mouse, looks quite different from th e incarnation familiar to the children of todayIndeed, the ever-changing appearance of animated characters, due mainly to increased improvements in technology has undoubtedly led a much more demanding audience.picture from IMDb  Where we were once charmed by the grainy black and white image of a happily whistling mouse, more sophisticated techniques and the introduction of Computer Generated Imagery (CGI) has opened the door to such astonishing animated films as the Disney-Pixar release â€Å"Shrek†, the visually stunning â€Å"FinalFantasy- The Spirits Within† (the first animated feature to ever attempt toproduce photo-realistic CGI humans) and the deservedly Oscarâ„ ¢ winning Miyazaki Hayao creation â€Å"The Spiriting Away of Sen and Chihiro†.Today, animation is everywhere, from televised adverts, children’s shows, video games and cinema, animation is no longer simply an art form, but a cultural icon embraced by almost all and guaranteed to instil a childish air of wonder even in the most jaded and cynical of adult hearts.The application of animation in feature films is by no means a new occurrence – yet the scope of creativity and imagination shown by today’s innovators is undeniably impressive and has also been shown to influence more ‘mainstream’ movie directors such as Quentin Tarantino choosing to add an entire â€Å"Animà ©Ã¢â‚¬  sequence to his movie â€Å"Kill Bill†, to Richard Linklater’s decision to make his version of Philip K Dick’s â€Å"A Scanner Darkly† a wholly animated affair.The kings however of the art could only be considered American Disney Studio and Studio Ghibli of Japan.   The purpose in essence of this essay is to conduct a comparison between these two very different innovators of animatic design.   

Personalized general health assessment Essays

Personalized general health assessment Essays Personalized general health assessment Paper Personalized general health assessment Paper Scientific and social changes of the 21st century have brought as radical change in the Health care delivery system (Patricia A Potter, 2005). The Healthcare profession has evolved through time to establish a firm role in the medical domain based on strong ethical, moral and professional principles. The healthcare practices have undergone a positive shift from that of a vocation to a professional status today and is ‘accountable’ today. Healthy People 2010 contain comprises of 467 objectives that clearly identify specific measures to monitor health in the first decade of the 21st Century (cdc.gov). Each objective comprises a statement of intent, a baseline value for the measure to be tracked, and a target to be achieved by the year 2010. The objectives are organized into 28 specific areas, each representing an important public health problem. PERSONALIZED GENERAL HEALTH ASSESSMENT General Health Assessment: 1.Personal Wellness Score: As of 03/29/2007 for Titilayo bakre; Personal wellness score is 84 against the achievable wellness score of 100. The results of the assessment are based on patient’s answers compared with U.S. average scores for people of the same sex, age and lifestyle habits. This is then compared to the highest possible score to arrive at the patient’s wellness score. A wellness score of 84 indicates moderate risk and that the patient might already be experiencing health problems. Thus, it was time to start making changes following the recommendations in this report to get her health back on track.

Article Summary Essays - Newts, Amphibians, Herpetology, Free Essays

Article Summary Essays - Newts, Amphibians, Herpetology, Free Essays Article Summary In southern California, adult California newts (Taricha torosa)have been found to frequently cannibalize both larvae and egg masses. In turn, for those adult newts that remain in the stream pools after breeding, conspecifics have become one of their main sources of prey in the chaparral stream pools of the Santa Monica Mountains. This study was undertaken to examine whether wildfire-induced sedimentation would provide an alternative prey, such as earthworms, and modify interactions between life stages of T. torosa. A diet analysis, field surveys, and a laboratory experiment provided observations and data for this study. For the diet analysis and field surveys, three sites were studied: Cold Creek Canyon, which was burned in 1993, and Newton Creek Canyon and Trancas Creek Canyon, which were unburned sites and served as controls. Adult newts were collected during the spring and summer of 1992-1996 from Cold Creek and during 1995 from Trancas Creek for diet analysis. A water lavage was used to collect the stomach contents, which were then examined by microscope. In addition, both burned and unburned sites were surveyed and monitored for the availability of both earthworms and conspecifics. In the laboratory experiment, a gravitational flow-through system was used to examine the behavioral responses of larval newts to chemical cues of both adult newts and earthworms. Previous studies had determined that larval newts hid from chemical cues of the adult newts. Through diet analysis, it was found that most of the stomach samples of the adult newts contained conspecifics, earthworms, beetles, and mayflies. Stomach samples from Cold Creek indicated that conspecifics were consumed significantly more often than earthworms were consumed during the two years before the fire(1992, 1993). However, during the two years after the fire (1994, 1995), more earthworms were consumed and conspecifics were eliminated as a food source. In 1996, diet analysis showed a reappearance of conspecifics, but the frequency of earthworms in adult newt stomachs was still greater. Frequency of beetles and mayflies appeared to be similar before and after the fire. In 1995,stomach contents from Cold Creek and Trancas Creek indicated that more earthworms were available at burned sites than at unburned sites. In the laboratory study, it was determined that the larvae tended to hide more when the adult newt was present, but larval hiding appeared to depend on the earthworm c ues. If the earthworms were present, the larvae did not attempt to hide; if the earthworms were absent, the larvae would attempt to hide. In addition, they tended to hide more with adult newts present minus the earthworms than in the company of both. Before the fire, adult newts frequently fed on their own larvae and egg masses. Due to wildfires, stream banks were disrupted causing sedimentation and the input of earthworms in the streams. As a result, earthworms became an alternative prey eliminating cannibalism for two years after the fire. With the availability of the earthworms, larvae and eggs were allowed to focus on development rather than survivorship. This is evident in the two years after the fire for the density of the larvae and egg masses appeared to have increased slightly. However, cannibalism reappeared three years after the fire. By this time, vegetation growth had recovered and the stream banks were more stable resulting in less sedimentation and fewer available earthworms. Perhaps, after a few more years, conspecifics will become a main source of food once again. Bibliography Kerby, L.J. and L.B. Kats. 1998. Modified interactions between salamander life stages caused by wildfire-induced sedimentation. Ecology, 79:740-745.

MBA program at St. Scholastica Essays

MBA program at St. Scholastica Essays MBA program at St. Scholastica Essay MBA program at St. Scholastica Essay The College of St. Scholastica, which is a private school, offers online MBA programs and the deadline for applying is open and rolling. St. Scholastica has all the online graduate business program classes recorded and archived for further use. The online MBA program at the St. Scholastica is not accredited by the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business. This is the Gold standard of accreditation for business schools. The online business graduate program was founded in the academic year 2013-2014 but the total number of enrolled participants is not known. The tuition for both in-state and out-of-state students is $485. The deadline for the application process is open and rolling and the e-mail for admissions is [emailprotected] The deadline date is the same for US residents as well as out-of-state, international students. The director of admissions is Lindsay Lahti and the phone for info on admissions is 866 478 9277. St. Scholastica awards MBAs and it has both full-time and half-time faculty instructors that teach the online courses. The degree from this online MBA course can be earned online entirely. Campus-based students are not allowed to be part of these online business graduate programs. The recommended Internet speed for this online course is 56k and there is instructor response for any type of problem within 24 hours. The tuition for both part-time and full-time studies is equivalent to $485. This online MBA program is one of the best programs that become all time favorite among young students who want to become prominent in the business field. If you want to have a degree that is recognized in all of the American states, this is definitely the MBA program that you have to choose. All in all, we have to say that we are more than pleased with the outcome from this online program and its growing popularity.

Louis XIV and his relations with the Papacy Essays

Louis XIV and his relations with the Papacy Essays Louis XIV and his relations with the Papacy Paper Louis XIV and his relations with the Papacy Paper Essay Topic: History Louis religious policies were driven by his self image of a Most Christian King who had divine right to rule as he saw fit. This included ensuring the internal security of France and preventing potential enemies from invading it. In the end, his poor handling of these issues, and his attempts at expanding his own power at the expense of the papacys, caused confrontation between himself and the papacy, especially with the infamously incorruptible Innocent XI. From 1693, though, Louis was forced to concede and accept that the Vatican was more influential than he, and, as a result, it was better to work with it rather than against it. Louis attitude to his absolutist power had the potential to bring him into conflict with the pope. Louis XIV was a devoted Catholic, but he did not understand the complexities of theology. Louis received spiritual advice from the Jesuits, a persuasive organization of priests who attempted at any cost to further the interests of heaven. Harlay, the archbishop of Paris, was the kings chief adviser on ecclesiastical affairs; and, he was more than happy to tell the king what he wanted to hear as were most of his advisers. Louis also believed in the Divine Right of Kings, that God had chosen him to be king. This had the power to bring him into conflict with the Pope. Louis liked to present himself as the Frances saviour from disunity and strife, not least because his birth had been so unexpected. Louis showed disregard for the Pope when, in 1662 he demanded and received a full apology from the Pope after an altercation between the Popes Corsican Guards and the French Ambassadors guards in Rome. Louis was grateful to the Pope for issuing a bull condemning the Jansenists, against whom Louis was waging a vendetta. Beneath the surface, though, was the powerful force of Gallicanism, a movement which resisted papal interference in French religious affairs. B. Louis attempt at extending his influence over Church affairs in France was done mainly at the expense of Rome. 1. In 1673 Louis issued a royal declaration, claiming that he was entitled to the regale in all parts of the realm, not just in northern France. This was an ancient custom, by which the king took the money from vacant bishoprics. The Pope supported the appeal of two French bishops in the Midi. Innocent XI remarked that it was not for the king to alter the customs of the church. 2. This provoked a furious response from Louis XIV, who now encouraged the influential Gallican movement. 3. In March 1682, the French bishops published the Gallican Articles. These were anti-papal, pronouncing that kings and princes were not subordinate to Rome in spiritual matters and that, the popes decisions could be altered if they did not have the approval of the whole church. These were inflammatory and highly offensive to Rome. 4. Innocent XI responded by refusing to consecrate any more French bishops, so that before long no less than 35 dioceses were unfilled. 5. In 1687, Innocent also cancelled the criminal immunity of the French embassy in Rome. 6. Louis informed his ambassador to defy papal authority, only for the ambassador to receive excommunication and Louis to be threatened with it. C. Louis hatred of Protestantism and, by implication, potential enemies to his relam did not particularly impress Rome. 1. Here, you need to summarize the reasons why Louis had it in for the Huguenots. Louis was especially shocked and horrified at them after his Dutch War, which ended in 1678. His foreign policy and religious persecution were inextricably linked. Louis wanted to reunite foreign lands with France and impose not only territorial uniformity on them, but also religious uniformity on his French subjects. How else could he claim to be an absolutist king if the presence of the Huguenots made his religious authority in France something less than absolute? 2. Also, discuss the implications of the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, with the edict of Fontainebleau in 1685. 3. Innocent XI was particularly unimpressed with Louis edict of Fontainebleau, since he was at the time a joint crusade of Catholics and Protestants against the Turks. Innocent reasoned, perhaps correctly that Louis looked more to the advantages of his realm than to the kingdom of God. D. Louis attempts at extending his influence over Church affairs in other territories also alarmed Rome. 1. Louis concern about the election to the Archbishopric of Cologne similarly led to problems between he and the pope. Louis reasoned that the Archbishopric of Cologne was crucial to French security. It was a Catholic outpost in Protestant territory. It was also strategically and geographically vital, since it had provided Louis with access to Holland in 1672. The death in 1688 of the French puppet in Cologne, Maximilian-Henry brought pope and king into direct conflict. Louis XIV wanted another French puppet to be in control of the bishopric; his enemy, the Elector of Bavaria, wanted a different candidate, who would advance the interests of the German princes. The pope was called in to confirm a candidate. The pope would be neither bribed nor cajoled into doing Louis bidding and appointing the French candidate; instead, he appointed the German candidate to Louis humiliation and horror. 2. Louis retaliated with outrageous anti-papal propaganda and violence; he seized the papal state of Avignon in southern France. This embarrassed French Catholics and appalled public opinion throughout Europe. E. Louis need for papal support led him to reverse his policies towards the papacy. 1. Reconciliation was assisted by the death of Innocent XI in 1689. 2. In 1693 Louis withdrew the Gallican Articles and a compromise was reached over the regale. 3. Now, he especially needed the support of the pope against the French Jansenists: he now had to appeal to the Pope before he could impose his policies on his own people.

Translating the English Verb Would in Spanish

Translating the English Verb Would in Spanish Translating the auxiliary English verb would isnt as straightforward as it might appear at first glance: Would has multiple uses - and in none of them is it readily translated as a single word. Would is used both to indicate tense as well as to indicate the speakers attitude toward a verbs action. In any case, the principle of translation is the same: Dont try to translate would as a word; translate it for what it means. Would in Conditional Statements One of the most common uses of would is in statements of the type if something were to happen, then something else would happen (or the same thing in a different order, something would happen If something else were to happen first). Nearly always, the would in such instances helps form the equivalent of the Spanish conditional tense: Si yo tuviera dinero, invertirà ­a en empresas espaà ±olas. (If I had money, I would invest in Spanish businesses.)Si yo fuera tà º, irà ­a al hospital. (If I were you, I would go to the hospital.)Rebecca ganarà ­a una buena nota en esta clase si estudiara ms. (Rebecca would earn a good grade in this class if she were to study more.)Si volviera a nacer, dormirà ­a menos y vivirà ­a ms. (If I were to be born again,l I would sleep less and live more.) It is common in both languages to make statements where the condition isnt directly stated. For example, the first two examples below are derived from the first two examples above with the condition omitted: Invertirà ­a en empresas espaà ±olas. (I would invest in Spanish businesses.)Yo irà ­a al hospital. (I would go to the hospital.)Me gustarà ­a una taza de cafà ©. (I would like a cup of coffee.)Soy de los que llorarà ­an como cuando algo muy preciado se pierde. (I am among those who would cry when something very expensive gets lost.) It is also possible to imply conditions without using the English if or Spanish si: El asesinato del presidente serà ­a un crimen de guerra. (Assassinating the president would be a war crime.) ¿Nos costarà ­a mucho comer aquà ­? (Would it cost us a lot to eat here?)Me prometià ³ que saldrà ­a conmigo. (She promised me that she would leave with me.) Would Referring to Past Repeated Events Another common use of would is to indicate that something happened as a matter of habit or custom. Most often, you can use the imperfect tense, the past tense of Spanish that is usually used to refer to actions that took place over an indefinite period of time. Durante el dà ­a trabajaba mucho. (During the day she would work a lot.)Recuerdo que viajbamos casi cada verano a Puerto Vallarta. (I remember that we would travel almost every summer to Puerto Vallarta.)Le exasperaban las quejas de sus hijos. (His childrens complaints would exasperate him.)Cuando ganbamos nadie decà ­a nada. (When we would win nobody would say anything.) Would Not Sometimes the negative form, wouldnt or would not, suggests a refusal to do something. The reflexive verb negarse can nearly always be used: Se negà ³ a estudiar otras alternativas. (He wouldnt study other alternatives.)Por eso me neguà © a firmar. (Because of that I wouldnt sign.)Me neguà © a comportarme como un adulto. (I wouldnt behave like an adult.) If would not or wouldnt is used as the equivalent of did not or didnt, it can be translated using either the imperfect or preterite tense. La radio del coche no me funcionà ³ en ese momento. (The car radio wouldnt work for me at that moment. The preterite is used here because the event occurred at a specific time.)Muchas veces la radio del coche no me funcionaba. (The car radio often wouldnt work for me. The imperfect is used here for a recurring event.)Esa noche no salieron juntos. (That night they wouldnt leave together.)Muchas veces no salà ­an del escritorio hasta entrada la noche. (They often wouldnt leave their desks until nighttime came.) Would as a Word of Politeness Often, would adds little meaning to a sentence but is used to make a request polite. One way of doing something similar in Spanish is to use the conditional tense:  ¿Me darà ­as  un minuto y medio? (Would you give me a minute and a half?) ¿Te gustarà ­a ayudarme? (Would you like to help me?)Le comprarà ­as un dulce a su hermanita? (Would you buy a sweet for your little sister?)